Edited by N. G. Asp, J. Miller Jones, G. Schaafsma, and J. W. van der Kamp
The growing attention for healthy eating, intestinal health, combating major disorders such as obesity and diabetes and prevention of cardiovascular diseases and cancer, has resulted in an increased output of R&D on dietary fibre and related carbohydrates. In recent years, hundreds of new products have been launched annually with claims regarding their fibre content. Existing and new fibres are also increasingly incorporated in products for specific target groups, such as babies, farm animals, pets, and for clinical nutrition.
New research tools and insights are enabling researchers to obtain a much better insight in the mechanisms of action of bio-active carbohydrates. These include new analytical methods, model systems to measure the impact of fibre on processes in the gastrointestinal tract and the identification and measurement of new biomarkers, for example markers related to satiety. These insights and tools, as well as the emerging genomics toolbox, will significantly contribute to R&D on ingredients and products aiming at imparting significant health benefits. In this forthcoming book invited expert scientists of leading research groups all over the world will address these issues. In addition, consumer views on dietary fibre will also be discussed as well as issues on definition of dietary fibre and new developments in the field of health claims. Dietary Fibre Bio-active Carbohydrates for Food and Feed will therefore be an indispensable tool for all scientists involved in research and development in this field.
Foreword
J.W. van der Kamp, N.-G. Asp, J. Miller-Jones, G. Schaafsma
Definitions, health claims and new challenges
Definition and analysis of dietary fibre in the context of food carbohydrates
N-G. Asp
Abstract
Introduction
Dietary fibre analysis
New definitions of dietary fibre
Concluding remarks
References
Health claims, options for dietary fibre
G. Schaafsma
Abstract
Introduction
What are the developments in food and health?
What do these developments mean for dietary fibre?
What kinds of claims for dietary fibre are substantiated by scientific evidence?
Conclusions
References
Whole grain health claims in the United States, United Kingdom and Sweden
L. Marquart, N.-G. Asp and D.P. Richardson
Abstract
Introduction
US wholegrain health claim
UK Wholegrain health claim
Swedish wholegrain health claim
Wholegrain health claims: Implications
Dietary fibres - New challenges for research
M. Fischer
Abstract
Introduction
Functional food development
The challenge of dietary fibre
Structure-function relationships
Target populations
Mode of action within the colon
Synbiotics
Nutrigenomics
Applications of dietary fibre
The definition of dietary fibre
Regulatory and safety aspects
Dietary fibre and the consumer
Acknowledgements
References
Analytical tools, technological aspects and applications
Rapid bio-analytical methods - New developments
B.V. McCleary, P. Rossiter, S. Charnock and R. Lloyd
Abstract
Introduction
Fructans and Fructo-oligosaccharides
Cyclodextrins
Native and partially hydrolysed galactomannan and glucomannan
Conclusions
References
Analytical characterization of carbohydrates: From polymer through oligomer to monomer
P. Sanders and K. Brunt
Abstract
Introduction
Characterization of polysaccharides
NSP oligosaccharides
Improvement of precision and accuracy in the inulin – FOS determination in food products by using HPAEC-PAD
Discussion
Summarizing conclusions
References
Advanced in vitro models of the gastro-intestinal tract - Novel tools to study functionality of dietary fibres
K. Venema, M. Minekus and R. Havenaar
Abstract
TNO’s in vitro models of the gastro-intestinal tract
Viscosity and gastric emptying
Viscosity and glycaemic response
Degree of digestibility and fermentability of dietary fibre, and the energy value of fibres
Effects of the composition and activity of the large intestinal microbiota on colonic health
Binding of cholesterol and fat by dietary fibres
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
The importance of food structure on the glycaemic responses of carbohydrate rich foods
C.S. Brennan, V. Kuri and C.M. Tudorica
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes and carbohydrates
Does food microstructure affect GI response?
Fibre additions to Carbohydrate foods
Conclusion
References
Dietary fibres: their uses in dairy based applications
J.M. Jonsson, V. Kuri, C.M. Tudorica and C.S. Brennan
Abstract
Characteristics of dietary fibres
Dietary fibres in dairy products
Conclusion
References
Importance of phytosterols, folates and other bioactive compounds in cereals
V. Piironen, S. Kariluoto and A.-M. Lampi
Abstract
Introduction
Phytosterols
Folates
Conclusions
References
Health benefits of dietary fibre
Dietary fibre intake, disease prevention, and health promotion: An overview with emphasis on evidence from epidemiology
J. Miller Jones
Abstract
Introduction
Intakes of fibre around the world
Fibre recommendations around the world
Fibre intakes
Fibre intakes in countries of Europe
Fibre intakes in Eastern Europe
Fibre intakes in Southern Europe and the Mediterranean
Fibre intakes in the Pacific Rim
Dietary fibre intake in Africa and Latin America
Dietary fibre intake USA
Dietary fibre intake summary
Dietary fibre and all cause mortality
Dietary fibre and obesity
Dietary fibre and diabetes and the metabolic syndrome
Dietary fibre and coronary heart disease
Dietary fibre and colon health
Dietary fibre and other cancers of the gastrointestinal tract
Dietary fibre and breast and other hormonal cancers
Summary
References
Experimental studies of dietary fibre and colon cancer- an overview
G.H. McIntosh
Abstract
Introduction
Human studies
Animal studies
Mechanisms
Some significant dietary fibre sources
Fibre associated phytochemicals
Energy dense fibre deplete diet
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Epidemiology of dietary fibre and colorectal cancer
S. Bingham
Abstract
References
Dietary fibre, lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease
D. Lairon
Abstract
Introduction
Dietary fibre and dietary lipid intake
Dietary fibre and fat digestion
Dietary fibre and lipid absorption
Dietary fibre and lipid or sterol ileal excretion
Dietary fibre and postprandial metabolism
Dietary fibre and cardiovascular risk factors
Dietary fibre and cardiovascular risk
Conclusion
References
Intestinal flora and health
S. Kudo
Abstract
Introduction
General idea of probiotics
Sub-optimal health state
References
Health benefits of specific types of dietary fibre
Cholesterol-lowering activity of insoluble fibre from carob
H.-J.F. Zunft, C. Koebnick and B. Haber
Abstract
Introduction
Animal trials on cholesterol-lowering activity of carob fibre
Human intervention trials on cholesterol-lowering activity of carob fibre
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
Effects of resistant maltodextrin on metabolism of glucose and lipids
K. Okuma and Y. Kishimoto
Abstract
Introduction
Developmental process
Physicochemical characteristics
Effects on glucose metabolism
Effects on lipid metabolism
Conclusion
References
Effect of extra-cellular polysaccharides on satiety
W.A.M. Blom, H.F.J. Hendriks, A. Stafleu, C. de Graaf, F.J. Kok and G. Schaafsma
Abstract
Introduction
References
The effect of various inulins and Clostridium difficile on the metabolic activity and composition of the human colonic microbiota in vitro
D. Meyer, M. van Nuenen and K. Venema
Abstract
Introduction
Materials
Analytical methods
Results
Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
The role of prebiotic fibres in the process of calcium absorption
W. Caers
Abstract
Introduction
Dietary fibre
The prebiotic effect
Mineral absorption
Conclusion
References
Health aspects for target groups
The effect of inulin/fructo-oligosaccharide as a prebiotic ingredient in baby formulae
S.-H. Kim, D.H.Lee and D. Meyer
Abstract
Introduction
Methods
Results
Conclusion
References
The role of fibre in clinical nutrition
M.H. Dohnalek
Abstract
Introduction
Guidelines for fibre level and type in clinical nutritional products
Physiological effects of dietary fibre
Clinical applications for fibre-containing products
Normalization of bowel function
Constipation
Diarrhoea
Fibre-containing nutritional products for paediatrics
Contraindications and risks for use of fibre-containing products
Additional health benefits from fibres
Summary
References
The role of dietary fibre in companion animal nutrition
G.C. Fahey, Jr., E.A. Flickinger, C.M. Grieshop and K.S. Swanson
Abstract
Introduction
Fermentative capacity of companion animals
Effects of dietary fibre on food intake and gastric and small intestinal function in companion animals
Effects of dietary fibre on large intestinal function in companion animals
Clinical significance of dietary fibre in companion animals
Strategies for incorporating dietary fibre into companion animal diets
Summary and conclusions
References
Xylo-oligosaccharides alter metabolism of gut microbes and blood xylose levels in chicks
H. Graham, J. Apajalahti and S. Peuranen
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and methods
Results and Discussions
Conclusions
References
The dietary fibre 2003 conference: An overview
The dietary fibre 2003 conference: An overview
J.W. van der Kamp
Abstract
Definition, structure, and analytical tools
Health benefits of dietary fibre
Health considerations for target groups: infants, patients, farm animals, and companion animals
Exploring and underpinning options for health-promoting products
Conclusions, recommendations and future perspectives
Index